In the Johannesburg suburb of Greenside, a large group of protesters of all ages and backgrounds are waving placards and banging empty plastic bottles together. We want water, we want water! they chant.
Northern Johannesburg is known for its plush leafy suburbs. But after years of intermittent water shortages, residents say they are fed up. Some have had no running water for over a month.
Our pipes have been bone dry with no water coming through at all, says Colin Regesky, who lives in Green Hill. It's not very healthy because everyone can get sick with no running water. And also according to the constitution it's our right to have water.
Another protester, Jenny Gillies, has lived in Melville for 40 years. I am here today because it is an actual disgrace, she says. We are reduced to begging and protesting for water.
From 2022 to early 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa's economic hub, suffered crippling electricity shortages, which were managed via a process known as load shedding. Blackouts lasting up to eight hours a day severely disrupted the lives of ordinary South Africans and businesses. Experts blamed a long-standing lack of investment in the country's ageing power stations.
But over the past year, water shortages have become a greater concern, with some residents saying these are worse because of how essential clean water is for good health. And Johannesburg isn't the only area affected. In Hammanskraal, more than 100km (60 miles) north of the city, 35-year-old pastor Tshepo Mahlaule shows us a dry tap in his backyard.
This is what is happening in Hammanskraal, there's no water. People are striving for water. For two months there's no water. Our kids need to wash every day, their uniforms need to be washed and we have no water.
Residents of Hammanskraal have not had reliable access to clean water for over a decade, on and off. The municipality has resorted to paying for tankers to deliver drinking water to residents. The local opposition Democratic Alliance has accused criminal syndicates known as water mafias of monopolising the water tanker industry – but didn't provide any evidence to the BBC that this was happening.
Water mafias are people that get tenders to do work for the municipality, explains Dr Ferrial Adam, who is the executive director of Watercan, a non-profit that works to safeguard South Africa's water resources.
Then either they don't have the expertise, or once they get hold of a tender to provide an alternative supply of water, they don't want the tender to end, so they damage and vandalise infrastructure so that they can continue working. And then you also have the ones that are charging people for water where they shouldn't be.
Another Hammanskraal resident, 62-year-old Eric Sebotsane, confirms that some of the trucks that deliver water in his neighbourhood charge people for water which should be free of charge. There are criminals everywhere. Some of the truck drivers sell the water. When you say you want water they say you must buy. Because everything here is money, when you don't have money you can't do anything.
Last year, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa urged law enforcement and local governments to put an end to criminal gangs running water tankers. Cilliers Brink, a Democratic Alliance politician, suggests the municipality should buy its own tankers to take the incentive away from contractors.
Meanwhile, residents are left grappling with an inadequate water supply and the fear that voicing their concerns may result in reduced access to the water that is available. It creates fear because this is now your supply of water. People won't tell you about the other illegal things happening in their area because they are afraid to come out and say the kind of things that are happening, because then they won't get water.
As the crisis continues, a long-term solution will require significant investment in infrastructure, leaving residents hopeful for change yet wary of the systemic issues that exacerbate their situation.
Northern Johannesburg is known for its plush leafy suburbs. But after years of intermittent water shortages, residents say they are fed up. Some have had no running water for over a month.
Our pipes have been bone dry with no water coming through at all, says Colin Regesky, who lives in Green Hill. It's not very healthy because everyone can get sick with no running water. And also according to the constitution it's our right to have water.
Another protester, Jenny Gillies, has lived in Melville for 40 years. I am here today because it is an actual disgrace, she says. We are reduced to begging and protesting for water.
From 2022 to early 2024, Johannesburg, South Africa's economic hub, suffered crippling electricity shortages, which were managed via a process known as load shedding. Blackouts lasting up to eight hours a day severely disrupted the lives of ordinary South Africans and businesses. Experts blamed a long-standing lack of investment in the country's ageing power stations.
But over the past year, water shortages have become a greater concern, with some residents saying these are worse because of how essential clean water is for good health. And Johannesburg isn't the only area affected. In Hammanskraal, more than 100km (60 miles) north of the city, 35-year-old pastor Tshepo Mahlaule shows us a dry tap in his backyard.
This is what is happening in Hammanskraal, there's no water. People are striving for water. For two months there's no water. Our kids need to wash every day, their uniforms need to be washed and we have no water.
Residents of Hammanskraal have not had reliable access to clean water for over a decade, on and off. The municipality has resorted to paying for tankers to deliver drinking water to residents. The local opposition Democratic Alliance has accused criminal syndicates known as water mafias of monopolising the water tanker industry – but didn't provide any evidence to the BBC that this was happening.
Water mafias are people that get tenders to do work for the municipality, explains Dr Ferrial Adam, who is the executive director of Watercan, a non-profit that works to safeguard South Africa's water resources.
Then either they don't have the expertise, or once they get hold of a tender to provide an alternative supply of water, they don't want the tender to end, so they damage and vandalise infrastructure so that they can continue working. And then you also have the ones that are charging people for water where they shouldn't be.
Another Hammanskraal resident, 62-year-old Eric Sebotsane, confirms that some of the trucks that deliver water in his neighbourhood charge people for water which should be free of charge. There are criminals everywhere. Some of the truck drivers sell the water. When you say you want water they say you must buy. Because everything here is money, when you don't have money you can't do anything.
Last year, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa urged law enforcement and local governments to put an end to criminal gangs running water tankers. Cilliers Brink, a Democratic Alliance politician, suggests the municipality should buy its own tankers to take the incentive away from contractors.
Meanwhile, residents are left grappling with an inadequate water supply and the fear that voicing their concerns may result in reduced access to the water that is available. It creates fear because this is now your supply of water. People won't tell you about the other illegal things happening in their area because they are afraid to come out and say the kind of things that are happening, because then they won't get water.
As the crisis continues, a long-term solution will require significant investment in infrastructure, leaving residents hopeful for change yet wary of the systemic issues that exacerbate their situation.
